Journal of Gastrointestinal Infections

Register      Login

VOLUME 9 , ISSUE 1 ( January-December, 2019 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Hepatic Infections: A Comprehensive Imaging Review

Amrita Kalantri, Pankaj Gupta, Harshal Mandavdhare, Jayanta Samanta, Saroj K Sinha

Keywords : Hepatic infections, Hydatid cyst, Imaging, Liver abscess

Citation Information : Kalantri A, Gupta P, Mandavdhare H, Samanta J, Sinha SK. Hepatic Infections: A Comprehensive Imaging Review. J Gastrointest Infect 2019; 9 (1):38-49.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10068-3026

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 16-07-2020

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2019; The Author(s).


Abstract

Hepatic infections are common and represent a heterogeneous group of disorders with varying severity. Patients with clinically suspected hepatic infections often undergo imaging evaluation. Imaging allows confirmation when the findings are typical. However, when the imaging appearances are atypical, imaging in conjunction with clinical and laboratory data allows narrowing the differential diagnoses. Further, image-guided sampling helps confirm diagnosis in certain situations. In this review, we describe the imaging appearance of various hepatic infections.


HTML PDF Share
  1. Jha AK, Das A, Chowdhury F, et al. Clinicopathological study and management of liver abscess in a tertiary care center. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015;6(1):71–75. DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.149091.
  2. Choudhary V, Chaudhary A. Clinico-pathological profile of liver abscess: a prospective study of 100 cases. Int Surg J 2016;3(1):266–270. DOI: 10.18203/2349-2902.isj20160240.
  3. Sharma N, Sharma A, Varma S, et al. Amoebic liver abscess in the medical emergency of a North Indian hospital. BMC Res Notes 2010;3:21. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-21.
  4. Jain M, Jain J, Gupta S. Amebic liver abscess in children—experience from Central India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2016;35(3):248–249. DOI: 10.1007/s12664-016-0669-5.
  5. Chaudhary S, Noor MT, Jain S, et al. Amoebic liver abscess: a report from central India. Trop Doct 2016;46(1):12–15. DOI: 10.1177/0049475515592283.
  6. Barnes PF, De Cock KM, Reynolds TN, et al. A comparison of amebic and pyogenic abscess of the liver. Med (Baltim.) 1987;66(6):472–483. DOI: 10.1097/00005792-198711000-00005.
  7. Giorgio A, de Stefano G, Di Sarno A, et al. Percutaneous needle aspiration of multiple pyogenic abscesses of the liver: 13-year single-center experience. Am J Roentgenol 2006;187(6):1585–1590. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.05.1104.
  8. Sifri CD, Madoff LM. Infections of the liver and biliary system. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 8th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2015. p. 960–968.
  9. Subramanyam BR, Balthazar EJ, Raghavendra BN, et al. Ultrasound analysis of solid-appearing abscesses. Radiology 1983;146(2):487–491. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.146.2.6849099.
  10. Halvorsen RA Jr, Foster WL Jr, Wilkinson RH Jr, et al. Hepatic abscess: sensitivity of imaging tests and clinical findings. Gastroinestin Radiol 1988;13(2):135–141. DOI: 10.1007/BF01889042.
  11. Halvorsen RA, Korobkin M, Foster WL, et al. The variable CT appearance of hepatic abscesses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984;142(5):941–946. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.142.5.941.
  12. Mathieu D, Vasile N, Fagniez PL, et al. Dynamic CT features of hepatic abscesses. Radiology 1985;154(3):749–752. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.154.3.3969480.
  13. Chong VH, Lim KS. Hepatobiliary tuberculosis. Singap Med J 2010;51(9):744–751.
  14. Gupta P, Kumar S, Sharma V, et al. Common and uncommon imaging features of abdominal tuberculosis. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2019;63(3):329–339. DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12874.
  15. Vanhoenacker FM, De Backer AI, Op de BB, et al. Imaging of gastrointestinal and abdominal tuberculosis. Eur Radiol 2004;14(Suppl 3):E103–E115. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-003-2047-9.
  16. Cao B-S, Li X-L, Li N, et al. The nodular form of hepatic tuberculosis: contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic findings with pathologic correlation. J Ultrasound Med 2010;29(6):881–888. DOI: 10.7863/jum.2010.29.6.881.
  17. Yu R-S, Zhang S-Z, Wu J-J, et al. Imaging diagnosis of 12 patients with hepatic tuberculosis. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10(11):1639–1642. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i11.1639.
  18. Venkatesh SK, Tan LKA, Siew EPY, et al. Macronodular hepatic tuberculosis associated with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension. Australas Radiol 2005;49(4):322–324. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1673.2005.01439.x.
  19. Amarapurkar DN, Patel ND, Amarapurkar AD. Hepatobiliary tuberculosis in western India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2008;51(2):175–181. DOI: 10.4103/0377-4929.41644.
  20. Inal M, Aksungur E, Akgül E, et al. Biliary tuberculosis mimicking cholangiocarcinoma: treatment with metallic biliary endoprothesis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95(4):1069–1071. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01944.x.
  21. Kakkar C, Polnaya AM, Koteshwara P, et al. Hepatic tuberculosis: a multimodality imaging review. Insights Imaging 2015;6(6):647–658. DOI: 10.1007/s13244-015-0440-y.
  22. Rofsky NM, Fleishaker H. CT and MRI of diffuse liver disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1995;16(1):16–33. DOI: 10.1016/0887-2171(95)90012-8.
  23. Mortele KJ, Ros PR. Imaging of diffuse liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2001;21(2):195–212. DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15496.
  24. Mortele KJ, Ros PR. MR imaging in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002;23(1):79–100. DOI: 10.1016/S0887-2171(02)90030-2.
  25. Conter RL, Pitt HA, Tompkins RK, et al. Differentiation of pyogenic from amebic hepatic abscesses. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1986;162(2):114–120.
  26. Ralls PW, Barnes PF, Radin DR, et al. Sonographic features of amebic and pyogenic liver abscesses: a blinded comparison. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149(3):499–501. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.149.3.499.
  27. Pedrosa I, Saíz A, Arrazola J, et al. Hydatid disease: radiologic and pathologic features and complications. Radiographics 2000;20(3):795–817. DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.20.3.g00ma06795.
  28. WHO Informal Working Group. International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and field epidemiological settings. Acta Trop 2003;85(2):253–261. DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00223-1.
  29. Polat P, Kantarci M, Alper F, et al. Hydatid disease from head to toe. Radiographics 2003;23(2):475–494. DOI: 10.1148/rg.232025704quiz 536-7.
  30. von Sinner WN. New diagnostic signs in hydatid disease; radiography, ultrasound, CT and MRI correlated to pathology. Eur J Radiol 1991;12(2):150–159. DOI: 10.1016/0720-048X(91)90119-G.
  31. Ahuja SR, Karande S, Koteyar SR, et al. Hepatic hydatid cyst rupturing into sub-diaphragmatic space and pericardial cavity. J Postgrad Med 2001;47(1):37–39.
  32. Balci NC, Tunaci A, Semelka RC, et al. Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: MRI findings. Magn Reson Imaging 2000;18(5):537–541. DOI: 10.1016/S0730-725X(00)00145-4.
  33. Gupta P, Kochhar R, Malik S, et al. Hepatic visceral larva migrans: a diagnostic enima. Trop Doct 2018;48(4):345–347. Ahead of print 10.1177/0049475518786819.
  34. Chang S, Lim JH, Choi D, et al. Hepatic visceral larva migrans of toxocara canis: CT and sonographic findings. Am J Roentgenol 2006;187(6):W622–W629. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.05.1416.
  35. Bundela V, Gupta P, Mandavdhare HS, et al. Gastrointestinal: Anunusual cause of biliary colic: biliary ascariasis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;33(5):975. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14094.
  36. Gupta P, Sinha SK, Kochhar R, et al. Image of the month: A rare cause of obstructive jaundice in a postpartum woman. Am J Gastroenterol 2015;110(1):15. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.413.
  37. Lim JH, Kim SY, Park CM. Parasitic diseases of the biliary tract. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188(6):1596–1603. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.06.1172.
  38. Grünebaum M, Ziv N, Kaplinsky C, et al. Liver candidiasis. The various sonographic patterns in the immunocompromised child. Pediatr Radiol 1991;21(7):497–500. DOI: 10.1007/BF02011722.
  39. Metser U, Haider MA, Dill-Macky M, et al. Fungal liver infection in immunocompromised patients: depiction with multiphasic contrast-enhanced helical CT. Radiology 2005;235(1):97–105. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2351031210.
  40. Semelka RC, Shoenut JP, Greenberg HM, et al. Detection of acute and treated lesions of hepatosplenic candidiasis: comparison of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1992;2(3):341–345. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1880020315.
  41. Chan JH, Tsui EY, Luk SH, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the liver: distinguishing hepatic abscess from cystic or necrotic tumor. Abdom Imaging 2001;26(2):161–165. DOI: 10.1007/s002610000122.
  42. Bachler P, Baladrom MJ, Menias C, et al. Multimodality imaging of liver infections: differential diagnosis and potential pitfalls. Radiographics 2016;36:1001–1023. DOI: 10.1148/rg.2016150196.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.