Urolithiasis is a recognized problem in children. Until the 1980s urinary stone was a major health problem with a significant proportion of patients requiring extensive surgical procedures and a sizable minority losing their kidney. Childhood urolithiasis is often considered an uncommon event but approximately 7% of all stones occur in children. Urolithiasis remains an important disease with lifelong implications. Most treatment programs are designed to reduce the saturation of the precipitating crystalline phase. For years together, open surgery remain, the main stay of treatment. Equipment are developed to establish access to pelvicalyceal system and ureter. Stone extraction in children has been made feasible with the development of progressive small scopes and working instruments as well as methods of stone manipulation with electrohydraulic and laser lithotripsy.