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Chapter-21 Infections and Immunization in Pregnancy

BOOK TITLE: Essentials of Obstetrics

Author
1. Desai Pankaj
2. Rawat Charu
ISBN
9788180613623
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/10288_21
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2004
Pages
11
Author Affiliations
1. Janani Maternity Hospital, Baroda, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Baroda, Gujarat, India, Medical College, SSG Hospital and Baroda, Gujarat, India, Janani Maternity Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; Societies of India (FOGSI), 2007, Baroda Medical College and Sir Sayajirao General Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, Medical College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, Baroda, Baroda, Gujarat, India, Medical Collage and SSG Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, Janani Maternity Hospital, Baroda, Gujarat, India, Medical College, Baroda, Gujarat, India, Vadodara, FOGSI; Janani Maternity Hospital, Baroda, India, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Baroda, India, Dept of Obs and Gyn Medical College, Baroda, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Baroda, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, (Unit IV), Medical College and SSG Hospital, Baroda, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Baroda, Gujarat, Medical College, Baroda, India, Medical College and SSG
2. Medical College, Baroda, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Baroda, India
Chapter keywords
pregnancy, physiological and immunological changes, disease process, urinary tract infection (UTI), bacterial infection, intra-amniotic infection (IAI), acute clinical infection, amniotic fluid, intra, uterine contents, human tuberculosis, congenital tuberculosis, bacteremia, sexually transmitted infections, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, syphilis, congenital syphilis, fetus, neonate, HPV infection, condylomata acuminata (genital warts), juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical cancer, candida, saprophytic fungi, asymptomatic women, rubella infection, German measles, rubella, vire, mia, transplacental transmission, cytomegalovirus, DNA virus, herpes virus group, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, learning disabilities, thrombocytopenia, petechiae, optic atrophy, hemolytic anemia, intracranial calcification, intrauterine growth restriction, long bone radiolucencies, mental retardation, microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, cerebral atro

Abstract

Pregnancy is associated with specific anatomical, physiological and immunological changes that can predispose to infection and also alter the response to the disease process. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection in women. Intra-amniotic infection (IAI) is an acute clinical infection of the amniotic fluid and intrauterine contents during pregnancy. Human tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium. Congenital tuberculosis may develop when the mother develops active tuberculosis in pregnancy with bacteremia. Sexually transmitted infections are caused by a wide variety of bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Syphilis should be identified and treated before pregnancy. If the diagnosis is made during pregnancy, the aim of treatment is to cure the disease in the mother and to prevent congenital syphilis in the fetus or neonate. HPV infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease and the virus is the causative agent of condylomata acuminata (genital warts), juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis and many cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Candida are saprophytic fungi present in vagina of 25 to 40 percent of asymptomatic women. Rubella infection is also called German measles. If a pregnant woman gets primary infection with rubella and develops viremia, there is high risk of fetus getting affected due to transplacental transmission of viruses. Cytomegalovirus is a DNA virus of the herpes virus group. Various abnormalities attributable to CMV infection are hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, learning disabilities, thrombocytopenia, petechiae, optic atrophy, hemolytic anemia, intracranial calcification, intrauterine growth restriction, long bone radiolucencies, mental retardation, microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, cerebral atrophy, pneumonitis, etc. Different types of vaccines available include attenuated live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, immunoglobulins, and new technology-based vaccines. The therapeutic vaccines include tetanus, gas gangrene, diphtheria, antisnake venom, botulism and others. Candidate vaccines should be minimally reactogenic, immunogenic, and safe.

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