This chapter discusses oesophagoscopy which is an endoscopic examination of the oesophagus. The most important indications for oesophagoscopy are to see and remove a foreign body, to see the extent and take biopsy from the growth, dilatation of benign stricture, excision of benign tumour and injection of sclerosing agent for varices. Absolute contraindication to oesophagoscopy is caries cervical spine. In Boyce’s position the neck is flexed and head is extended at atlanto-occipital joint. Most dangerous complication of oesophagoscopy is oesophageal perforation which is characterised by rising pulse, severe pain radiating to the back between the two scapulae, high rise of temperature and emphysema of the neck. The most important part of treatment of oesophageal perforation is nil orally, Ryle tubefeeding, good IV antibiotics and rarely repair of the tear by thoracotomy. Oesophagus has a greater propensity to rupture than any other site in the alimentary tract because it has no serosal layer and because of negative intrathoracic pressure.