Paediatric anaesthesia is a specialized subject with some unique features and the physiological, pharmacological differences among the neonates, infants, children and adults should be well understood by the practitioners. The basic principles of anaesthetic management in paediatric patients are dealt along with preanaesthetic assessment and preparation. Anaesthesia in common surgical conditions such as diaphragmatic hernia, tracho-oesophageal fistula, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, abdominal wall defects, repair of cleft lip and palate, etc. is also discussed. Resuscitation of newborn is also included in this chapter.