Inflammation of the retinal blood vessels known as vascular retinopathy. Hypertensive retinopathy (i) Senile arteriosclerosis—retinal arterioles are straight, diffusely narrow slightly pale. It may cause atheromatous obstruction in the central vessels of the optic nerve. (ii) Primary or essential hypertension—Classified into benign and malignant. Benign hypertension is associated with Gunn’s sign. Arteries appear as copper wire. Hemorrhage are flame shaped with the slight oedema of the optic disc. Exudate—Cotton wool exudate. (i) Malignant hypertension: associate with the superficial + deep haemorrhage, exudates with macular oedama (macular fan) and papilledema. (ii) Diabetic retinopathy: Microlesion as microaneurysm with minute hemorrhage and punctuate exudates and macrolesion as dot and blot haemorrhage with waxy exudates. Vascular changes veins are more affected, neovascularisation at the optic disc (rete mirable), etc. with labeled diagram. (iii) Toxemia of pregnancy: Occurs at the 3rd trimester. Supranasal branch of retinal blood vessel first affected, along with the signs of hypertensive retinopathy are present.