This chapter explained are: 1. Closed heart surgery: In this acquired heart disease where mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis are explained with definition, causes, pathology, types, clinical features, complications, investigations, diagnosis and treatment like medical and surgical treatment like valvotomy both closed and open procedure and balloon valvuloplasty. Congenital Heart disease: In this patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of aorta. Both the conditions are explained with definition, type, causes, aetiology, signs, symptoms, investigations, diagnosis, associated anomalies, complications, treatment like medical and surgical conditions. 2. Open heart surgery: In this two sub topics are there: (a) Congenital conditions: In the atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, AV malformation. (b) Acquired conditions: Mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, coronary heart disease. (c) Associated lesions: In this pulmonary stenosis and mitral stenosis are explained. Each of the above conditions is explained in detail with definition, types, signs, symptoms, clinical features, investigations and diagnosis. Coronary heart disease or ischaemic heart disease: Definition, aetiology, signs, symptoms clinical features, pathology and complications. Angina pectoris: The types explained are stable, unstable, prinzmetal and post infarction. Cardiac failure: In this acute, chronic and congestive types. Cardiac rehabilitation: physiotherapy plays an important role in the cardiac surgery patient before and after surgery. Pre operative physiotherapy management includes aims and plans and same with the post operative management both aims and plans for day of surgery, day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 14 followed by a home programme.