Care of the newborn is the key forerunner for survival, qualitative outcome without any physical or mental disability as also longevity. Infant mortality rate is a very sensitive indicator of the socioeconomic development, including the status of health care of any country. IMR has two distinct components, namely neonatal mortality (deaths during the first four weeks or first month of life), and postneonatal mortality (deaths after first month and up to 12 months of life). Consequent upon such productive measures as Universal Immunization Program (UIP)/Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), Oral Rehydration and Diarrheal Disease Control Program, Acute Respiratory Infection Program, etc., India has achieved considerable fall in IMR, But the reduction is by and large in relation to the postneonatal period. The only remarkable gain in the neonatal period is the reduction in neonatal tetanus. As far example, between 1972 and 2008, the postneonatal mortality has declined by 70% whereas neonatal mortality has dropped by a sheer 38%. Roday NMR constitutes 65% of IMR. If IMR is to be further reduced, it is imperative that urgent and concerted measures to reduce NMR are initiated. From “Importance of the Neonatal Care” and related issues, the Chapter moves on to “Neonatal Resuscitation”. In relation to the “Apgar Score”, it is emphasized that that the score is employed to plan management of the newborn after resuscitation has already been done. It has no role in deciding steps of resuscitation in the labor room. Thereafter are described full-term newborn, including primitive neonatal reflexes, minor problems of the newborn that may cause parental anxiety, preterm infant, low birthweight infants, various aspects of newborn care, determination of gestational age, and danger signs, neonatal hypothermia with special reference to kangaroo mother care (KMC), breast-feeding, and feeding of the LBW infant. In the disease sector, respiratory distress in the newborn with special reference to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)/hyaline membrane disease, meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Neonatal septicemia, perinatal AIDS, jaundice, hemolytic disease, l seizures, necrotizing enterocolitis, etc. are explicitly discussed. Finally are described transport of the newborn, maternal medication and adverse effects on breastfeeding and food and environmental agents and adverse effects on the infant.