The Chapter gets off the ground with an optimistic assertion that, with the availability of advanced diagnostic techniques and improved therapeutic and supportive modalities, cure rate in childhood cancer has considerably improved. Around 60–70% of pediatric cancer is now curable. In some malignancies, cure rate has gone up to 90%. According to a conservative estimate, nearly 50,000 children suffer from malignancies every year. In terms of frequency, leukemia’s top the list followed by brain tumors and lymphomas. The topic of leukemia’s is discussed in good details with the support of clinical and photomicrographic illustrations and boxes and tables providing the important information. Thereafter, the Chapter passes on to lymphomas (both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin). Lymphoma with isolated glandular or intestinal involvement, provided that mediastinum is spared, has a favorable prognosis. Relapses with involvement of marrow and CNS are quite uncommon once the disease has been brought under control for 2 years or more. Notably, response of Burkitt lymphoma to chemotherapy is extremely favorable. Radiation and surgical excision of 90% of the tumor mass improve the remission and disease-free survival. Prognosis is worse in situations where bone marrow involvement and/or leukemic conversion have occurred. Remaining tumors such as Wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma), neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, brain tumors, bone tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, retinoblastoma, thymoma, teratomas, etc. are also discussed. Finally, the Chapter provides salient details about oncologic emergencies as also bone marrow transplantation.