Majority of the central nervous system (CNS) disorders and diseases present with the symptom coma or unconsciousness, which is a life threatening emergency situation and demands for immediate interventions. Most significant childhood CNS diseases are meningitis, encephalitis or encephalopathies, and infective polyneuritis or Guillain-Barre syndrome, which may lead to serious complications and death, if not treated properly. Other significant problems of CNS of growing children include convulsive disorders especially epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. Mongolism or Down’s syndrome is a commonest chromosomal disorder and most common cause of mental retardation with other associated problems. Congenital malformations of CNS are found as neural tube defects and hydrocephalous. Neural tube defects include spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystic as meningocele, meningomyelocele, encephalocele, anencephaly, etc. Hydrocephalous may develop due to both congenital and acquired conditions as communicating and non-communicating type. Management of hydrocephalous depends upon specific cause, associated malformations, clinical course and severity of the conditions. Another important CNS problem is intra-cranial space occupying lesions, which may be neoplastic, inflammatory, parasitic, or traumatic in origin. Craniocerebral trauma or head injury is a very common accidental condition in childhood with high mortality and post-traumatic sequel. Quick assessment, anticipation of problems, prompt management, and supportive nursing care are very important for better prognosis in all CNS disorders.