This chapter gives and overview of Children’s eyes develop and change rapidly in the first two years after birth. Visual acuity is measured using different methods. Refraction is important to avoid amblyopia and to correct certain types of strabismus. Cerebral visual impairment is a major cause of visual morbidity. Nystagmus may be congenital or acquired. Eye infections may be acquired in utero or in the birth canal, or may indicate developmental anomalies. Congenital glaucoma and corneal diseases can affect sight significantly. Cataract requires early surgery to avoid amblyopia. Uveitis in children is usually bilateral, and part of a systemic condition. Retinoblastoma is the commonest primary malignant tumour of childhood. Retinopathy of prematurity is a vaso-proliferative retinopathy seen in pre-term and low birth weight infants. Preventive ophthalmology addresses the major causes of childhood visual loss and appropriate rehabilitation.