Gastro intestinal tract is a hallow muscular tube that extends from mouth to the anus. All cells of the body require nutrients. Theses are delivered from the intake of food that contains proteins fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and cellulose fibres are other vegetables matters. The main functions of the GI. Tract are the (i) the breakdown of food particles into molecular for digestion, (ii) the absorption into the bloodstream of small nutrient molecules produced by digestion and (iii) the elimination of undigested unabsorbed foodstuffs and other waste products. Normally digestion begins in the mouth; adequate nutrition is related to good dental health and the general conditions of the mouth. Any discomfort or adverse conditions in the oral cavity can affect a person’s nutrition status. Diseases of the mouth or tongue interfere with speech are affects communication and self image. Esophageal problems related to swallow affects intake of food. A person’s nutrition status depends not only on the type and amount of intake but also on the functioning of the gastric and intestinal portions of the gastrointestinal system. Disorder of the GI system is common and is encountered by nurses in every setting. To assess the system the nurse must be skilled. Expert assessment skills must be developed and used when caring for patients with gastrointestinal disorders. This chapter covers assessment of GI system and also discuss some important disorders i.e. problems of mouth, nausea and vomiting. GERD, Hiatal hernia, Achalasia, Esophageal carcinoma, gastritis, dyspepsia, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Diarrhea, Fecal incontinence, Constipation, Acute abdomen, Abdominal trauma, appendicitis, peritonitis, Diverticulitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease, intestinal obstruction, colorectal cancer and anorectal disorders. Each disorder discuss their etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, treatment and nursing management along with nursing care plans and procedures of special conditions of disorders.
