Tuberculosis (TB) control continues to remain a challenge in the modern era. The problem being further compounded by the epidemic of human immune deficiency virus and drug resistant strains. The first section discusses epidemiology and natural history of TB. Prevention of TB risk of infection, risk of developing TB after infection, the American Thoracic Society classification of persons exposed to and/or infected with M. tuberculosis and infection control strategies. Extrapulmonary TB deals with pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of lymph node TB, TB pleural and pericardial effusion, central nervous system TB, spine TB, abdominal and genitourinary TB, skin TB and military TB. The section on childhood TB deals with types of TB seen in children, clinical features diagnosis and treatment. The section on anti TB drugs discusses the principles of TB chemotherapy, doses and side effects of the drugs, importance of giving weight adjusted doses, compliance measures including use of fixed dose combinations and direct observation of therapy. The section on Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) gives the basis of the programme, the key features of RNTCP, the success and short comings of the programme. Problems in diagnosis and management of TB are discussed at length. Definition of multi drug resistant (MDR) TB, diagnosis and therapy of MDR TB have been explained. Role of surgery in pulmonary TB is a brief overview of indications for surgery, types of surgery and complications related to surgery in pulmonary TB.