This chapter discusses outcome assessment in head and neck cancer, where one critical aspect of outcome assessment is that it involves both the measurement of a result and linkage to a preceding process. Outcome assessment is an important factor in improving the quality of care, reducing unnecessary or inappropriate health services, developing and evaluating new strategies to address unmet needs, and empowering the consumers of health care. The assessment of outcome is usually specified by disease and/or treatment, where investigators may review all cases of a given cancer and report or investigate relationships between their outcomes. Survival may be influenced by many covariates, e. g. stage, age, lymph node involvement, comorbidity. Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) are typically elderly, where tobacco and alcohol use are strong etiologic factors for squamous cell HNC.