There are so many early complications after liver transplantation which needs to be discussed in detail. Most common early complications are primary non function, allograft rejection, biliary complications, vascular complications and post-transplant infections. Primary non-function (PNF) is defined as primary graft failure that resulted in death or re-transplantation within 30 days of the primary transplantation. Primary graft failure is one of the UNOS categories of graft failure that excludes other causes such as recurrent disease, graft versus host disease, rejection, and vascular thrombosis. UNOS definition of PNF restricts the duration to within 7 days of transplantation. Recent report from European Liver Transplant Registry restricted PNF to within 30 days of transplantation. Rejection: In general, organ allograft rejection can be defined as, ‘‘an immunological reaction to the presence of a foreign tissue or organ, which has the potential to result in graft dysfunction and failure. Rejection in liver transplantation is divided into 3 types, such as hyperacute rejection, acute cellular rejection and chronic rejection. Hyperacute rejection is difficult to treat, once it is established, patients have high mortality rate. The mainstay of therapy is treatment of acute cellular rejection is to treat with high-dose glucocorticoids which are used as high dose bolus dose or Pulse therapy followed by tapering. In majority of cases, mild to moderate ACR responds steroid therapy. Treatment for severe ACR or steroid-resistant rejection may require use of anti-lymphocyte antibody therapy. Tacrolimus is very effective drug to reverse mild, moderate, and severe ACR and steroid-resistant rejections. Treatment of established chronic allograft rejection is very limited. Biliary complications: The incidence of biliary tract complication after orthotopic liver transplantation varies from 11% to 25%. These high rates may signify an inherently sensitive nature of the biliary epithelium to ischemic damage in comparison with hepatocytes and vascular endothelium. Biliary strictures and bile leaks are the most common biliary complications following liver transplantation, although a decreasing trend has been noted in recent years. The reported incidence of biliary strictures is 5–15% after deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) and 28–32% after right-lobe live donor liver transplantation. The frequency of biliary complications is higher in LDLT than DDLT. Potential background of post-transplant biliary complications is technical, anatomical, ischemic, and immunological factors including arterial thrombosis, CMV infection, rejection, and preservation injury. These complications not only affect graft survival but also have a major impact on the quality of life for a liver allograft recipient, as they entail frequent readmission, reoperation, hospital stays, and escalating costs and add to the emotional trauma that patients suffer. Majority of biliary complications are now amenable to endoscopic interventions and the role of surgery mainly confined to treatment failures as a second-line backup option. Vascular complications: Arterial complications after orthotopic liver transplantation vary from 2 to 25%. (1) Various complications are hepatic artery thrombosis, stenosis, pseudo aneurysm and rupture. Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is the most frequent vascular complication after OLT. It is associated with a high mortality and morbidity ranging up to 75%. Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) following LTX is an uncommon complication but a serious complication after transplantation. This can occur early or late after the transplantation. In adults, the reported incidence of PVT is 1-2.7%. Clinically significant portal vein stenosis is more common following pediatric LTX than adult LTX, and this has been presumed to be due to a size discrepancy between recipient and donor portal vein. (10, 11) Reduction in PV diameter of greater than 40% at the site of the anastomosis without adverse clinical effect suggests that adults may have a greater capacity to tolerate the consequences of PV stenosis than pediatric patients. Post-transplant infections: Infections in solid organ transplants contribute to a significant morbidity and mortality. In early transplant period, bacterial, viral and fungal infections are common. Early diagnosis and control of infection is an important to achieve successful outcome after LTX. Improvement in the treatment of post-transplant infections has been associated with decreased mortality rates. Post-transplant infections can be classified into early and later infections. Early Infections are the infections in the first 6 months after transplantation. These infections are mostly related to transplant surgery and wound related in the early post-transplant period, followed by bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Late Infectious are the infections occurring after 6 months of transplantation. Opportunistic infections are less common after 6 months of post-transplant period. Transplant patients are at risk for the same causes of infection as the general population.