Liver transplantation is an established treatment option for patients with ESLD and acute liver failure. Despite excellent long-term survival, disease recurrence after LTX is a relatively common problem, leading to progressive liver injury and, in some cases, cirrhosis. Wilson Disease, α-1 antitrypsin deficiency, glycogen storage diseases and galactosemia are completely cured after LTX. In hemochromatosis, hepatic iron stores are corrected by LTX, but the metabolic defect persists. Diseases which commonly recur after transplantation are hepatitis B/C, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hereditary hemochromatosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma. Prevention of recurrence of the diseases is very important to achieve good graft and patient survival. Preventing HCV recurrence is a challenging task. Recurrence is universal in HCV infection.