The kidneys are bean-shaped paired organs, each weighing about 150 gm in the adult male and about 135 gm in the adult female. The renal cortex forms the outer rim of the kidney. The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped collection area of the urine for drainage into the ureter. Each kidney is supplied with blood by a main renal artery. The tubules of the kidney account for the greatest amount of the renal parenchyma. Chronic renal failure is a syndrome characterized by progressive and irreversible deterioration of renal function due to slow destruction of renal parenchyma, eventually terminating in death when sufficient number of nephrons has been damaged. Cystic lesions of the kidney may be congenital or acquired, non-neoplastic or neoplastic. Majority of these lesions are congenital non-neoplastic. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the term used for acute renal failure (ARF) resulting from destruction of tubular epithelial cells. Polypoid cystitis is characterised by papillary projections on the bladder mucosa due to submucosal oedema. Squamous cell carcinoma comprises about 5% of the bladder carcinomas. Urethral caruncle is an inflammatory lesion present on external urethral meatus in elderly females.