Chemical radiation protection has a history of about five decades, when it was observed that the natural amino acid cysteine protected mice against radiation-induced sickness and mortality. Since then, several compounds with varied chemical structures and pharmacological properties have been screened for their radioprotective ability in mammals. The aminothiol compounds of the cysteine-cysteamine group were found to give significant radiation protection in the laboratory animals and none of them have shown superior effect than the synthetic compound WR-2721 (S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethyl phosphorothioic acid). However, clinical trials with WR-2721 (amifostine) have shown cumulative toxicity when administered daily before irradiation in the cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Despite extensive screening of several synthetic compounds for radioprotective activity, no single compound has emerged as a good radioprotector so far. Plants have been a companion of man since time immemorial providing several useful drugs for the treatment of various ailments. Therefore, screening of natural dietary products represents a major avenue for the discovery of new radioprotective drugs. In Ayurveda, the traditional Indian System of Medicine, several plants have been used to treat free radical-mediated ailments and, therefore, it is logical to expect that such plants may also render some protection against radiation damage. This chapter describes the radioprotective effect of Aegle marmelos (Bael), a plant commonly used in Indian Traditional Medicine and Ayurveda, in mice exposed to different doses of gamma radiation. The animals received bael intraperitoneally or orally before exposure to different doses of gamma radiation. Treatment of mice with bael only when administered before irradiation resulted in an increased survival of mice. The radioprotective dose for bael after intraperitoneal administration was lower than the oral administration. In our studies it was observed that bael was free radical scavenger, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, gastrointestinal protective, myeloprotective and hemopoietic stimulating properties which prevent/lessen radiation-mediated damage. Apart from these some other unknown mechanisms may have also been responsible for their radioprotective activity.