Advances in biology provide clues that health promotion and the prevention of human disease are influenced by environmental factors including dietary habits. Approximately 1/3 of cancer cases may be preventable by appropriate nutritional intervention strategies (Doll and Peto, 1981). The true impact of foods or their components on cancer likely depends on their interactions with a host of regulatory genes associated with various cancer processes including carcinogen metabolism, hormone regulation, differentiation, inflammation, cell cycle/apoptosis, and cell signaling. The arrival of the success in genomics is providing enormous opportunities for investigating the effects of dietary components at the genetic and epigenetic level such as transcriptional regulation, DNA mutation, DNA methylation, and structural modification of chromosomes such as histone acetylation/deacetylation. A comprehensive knowledge of the “omics” and their relationship to phenotype expression will be needed to truly identify, evaluate, and prioritize appropriate points for nutritional preemption for cancer prevention. Building a foundation of scientific information about similarities and differences in the “omic” responses across tissues will not only provide clues about specificity in response to food components, but will also assist with the identification of surrogate biological specimens and their biomarkers that can be used for predicting a response. The development of the appropriate biomarkers that reflect the intake or exposure of bioactive food components, the identification of the site of action for dietary constituents, and the characterization of cancer modifiers including genetic/epigenetic events or gene-nutrient interactions that might alter the response is one of the long-term goals of nutrigenomics. While the application of genomics of nutrition, nutrigenomics, can provide critical information that can enhance the understanding of how dietary constituents influence an individual’s predisposition to disease, overall performance, and health, such a goal is still far off and much more integrated research with other “omics” such as proteomics and metabolomics will be required before we can reliably predict effective individualized approaches.