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Chapter-08 Endocrinology of Pregnancy

BOOK TITLE: Essentials of Obstetrics

Author
1. Seal Subrata Lall
2. Mukherji Joydev
3. Bhattacharya Subir Kumar
ISBN
9788184489095
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/11242_8
Edition
2/e
Publishing Year
2011
Pages
14
Author Affiliations
1. Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura West Bengal, RG kar Medical College, Kolkata, Kolkata, RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
2. RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata, RG Kar Medical College Hospital, Kolkata, North Bengal Medical College, West Bengal, India, RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata, WB, India, RG Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, North Bengal Medical College, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
3. Westbank Hospital, Howrah, Academic Director, Westbank Hospital, Howrah
Chapter keywords

Abstract

There is a continuing interplay between the fetoplacental and maternal endocrine system progressively modifying the internal milieu in both mother and fetus during different stages of pregnancy. Understanding physiology is important in distinguishing normal from abnormal in a pregnant woman. The production of steroid and protein hormones by human trophoblast is greater in amount and diversity than that of any other endocrine tissue known in all mammalian physiology. In its key location as a way station between the mother and fetus, the placenta can utilize precursors from either of the two to circumvent its own deficiencies in enzyme activity. The placental steroid hormones are produced from both fetal and maternal substrates. The protein hormones are generated from amino acids of maternal origin. Among all steroid hormones only estrogens and progesterone are formed or secreted by the placenta. There is no evidence of placental synthesis of glucocorticoids or mineralcorticoids. The placental villus is composed of trophoblast, mesenchymal cells and fetal blood vessels. There are two main trophoblast layers—cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast is the basic placental stem cell from which the syncytiotrophoblast arises by differentiation. The syncytiotrophoblast represents the functional cells of the placenta and is the major site of hormone and protein production.

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