Dental caries is the product of imbalance between the protective and causative elements in the oral hard tissue. The morphological and composition differences in the two sets of dentition in humans can be diagnosed early using traditional and advanced diagnostic aids. There is a need for amputation of the diseased tooth structure followed by architectural preservation of the remaining healthy tooth and rehabilitating the functional and esthetic components, using several of the conventional and biomimetic restorative materials. This chapter on Pediatric Restorative Dentistry elaborates on the same.