Vertical and perinatal or early school transmission of HBV constitutes the major bulk of HBV infection globally. Thus, HBV infection in children is the most dominant factor related to control and management of HBV infection. Children borne of mothers infected with HBV and expressing HBeAg almost invariably become HBV-infected. Children usually do not exhibit features of liver diseases even being infected with HBV. However, some children may develop active disease and even complication such as liver cirrhosis and HCC at early age, the mechanism underlying these is yet to be clarified. However, it is almost clear that if HBV infection of children can not be contained in effective manner, it would be impossible to control HBV infection. The role of HB vaccination is vital to achieve this goal. Also, others should be screened effectively. Use of HBIG and HB vaccine would cut HBV transmission during birth and in perinatal period considerably. In this chapter, detailed description has been provided about HBV infection in children so that the readers can develop a control and management strategies on the basis of local need and constrains.