Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized by demineralization of inorganic portion and destruction of organic substances of the tooth which often leads to cavitation. In this chapter etiology of dental caries, caries prevalence in preschool children, types of caries, early detection of disease activity, control of active carious lesions, control of dental plaque and use of fluorides and topical antimicrobial agents are discussed.