The term environment implies all the external factors living and non-living, material and non-material which surround man. Proper environmental management is the key to avoid the quarter of all preventable illnesses which are directly caused by environmental factors. The environment influences our health in many ways—through exposure to physical, chemical and biological risk factors, and through related changes in our behavior in response to those factors. The purpose of environmental health is to create and maintain ecological conditions that will promote health and thus prevent disease. The environmental factors which are basic and fundamental to individual and community health are water, air, noise, housing, disposal of wastes, and radiation. This chapter explains how these environmental factors can be polluted and what the health effects of these are. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and management of waste are dealt with in this chapter.