Surgery inflicts considerable traumas with attendant complications and it may lead to chronic pain. Various risk factors for prolonged pain after surgery are divided into three categories: preoperative factors, intraoperative factors and postoperative factors. Several mechanisms such as peripheral mechanisms, central mechanisms, sympathetically maintained pain and the medical research council are proposed to be operational in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Anatomy of inguinal canal including neuroanatomy of ilioinguinal nerve, neuroanatomy of iliohypogastric nerve, genitofemoral nerve has its detail discussion. The risks factors of post herniorrhaphy chronic pain are associated with age, preoperative pain, gender, body mass index, neurological testing and nerve lesions, early postoperative pain and genital complications etc. Treatment approaches used for chronic post herniorrhaphy pain are preventive approach, therapeutic approach. Preventive approach includes laparoscopy whereas therapeutic approach includes multimodal analgesia, continuous lumbar plexus block and neurectomy. Other adjunctive therapies like mental preparation of the patient, physical stretches, hypnosis and physical modalities like tens, ultrasound etc., are also used.