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Chapter-10 Cardiac Dysfunction and Therapies (Part 1): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Medical Management

BOOK TITLE: Cardiac Functioning, Disorders, Challenges and Therapies

Author
1. Yaganti Vamsee
2. Ancha Snigdha
3. Boiangiu Catalin
4. Cohen Marc
ISBN
9789350903063
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/11836_10
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2013
Pages
37
Author Affiliations
1. Newark Beth, Israel Medical Center, Newark, NJ, USA
2. Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry India
3. Newark Beth, Israel Medical Center, Newark, NJ, USA
4. Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark NJ, USA
Chapter keywords

Abstract

Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome of epidemic proportion that affects approximately 23 million people worldwide. It is defined as the inability of the heart to maintain an adequate cardiac output to meet the metabolic demands of the body. The pathogenesis of HF involves the activation of neurohormonal system which includes the activation of sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the release of oxidative radicals, inflammatory cytokines and peripheral vasoconstrictors. The diagnosis of HF is based on detailed history, physical examination and diagnostic tests. The goal of pharmacological therapy in HF is to improve clinical symptoms, reduce hospitalization, prevent left ventricular remodeling and reduce mortality. Medications that are primarily used to improve symptoms in HF patients include diuretics, digoxin and intravenous inotropic agents. Medications that improve symptoms, prevent remodeling and reduce mortality include beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, aldosterone receptor blockers and the hydralazine/nitrate combination.

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