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Chapter-06 Respiratory Failure

BOOK TITLE: IAP Textbook of Pediatric ICU Protocols

Author
1. Khilnani Praveen
2. Pao Mritunjay
ISBN
9789350903704
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/11878_6
Edition
2/e
Publishing Year
2013
Pages
11
Author Affiliations
1. Max Hospitals, Press Enclave, Saket, New Delhi, India, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, New Delhi, India, Madhukar Rainbow Children’s Hospital, New Delhi, India, Pediatric Intensivist, IP Apollo Hospital, New Delhi B-42, Panchsheel Enclave, New Delhi 110017, BLK Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi, India; PICU Mediclinic City Hospital, Dubai, UAE, for IAP and ISCCM; BLK Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India, Max and BLK Hospitals, New Delhi, India, BLK Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi, BLK Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi, India, Max Hospital, New Delhi, MAX Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi, Apollo Centre for Advanced Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, e-mail: praveenk@nde.vsnl.net.in, Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, Max Hospitals, New Delhi, India, Pediatric Pulmonology and Critical Care, Max Healthcare Hospitals, Saket, New Delhi and Gurgaon (Haryana)
2. Max Superspeciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, GNRC Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India, Pediatric ICU, GNRC Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India, Apollo Hospital, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi, Sanjivani Hospital, Jorhat, Assam, India, Sanjeevani Hospital, Jorhat, Assam, India
Chapter keywords
Hypoxemic, Hypercapnic, Bronchiectasis, Rapid cardiopulmonary assessment, Scoliosis, Micrognathia, Tachypnea, Respiratory failure, Common causes of respiratory failure, Treatment of Child with Acute Respiratory Failure, Upper Airway Obstruction, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Neuromuscular Disorders

Abstract

Respiratory failure (RF) is the inability of respiratory system to adequately deliver oxygen or remove CO2 or both; respiratory distress (mild, severe) and respiratory failure (early, late) depicts spectrum of severity. RF can be classified as hypoxemic or hypercapnic. Common causes of RF include pneumonia, pulmonary edema, obesity, pulmonary embolism, emphysema, severe asthma and others. Both types of RF’s are explained in detail in the chapter. For proper management of RF in children, detailed history, relevant physical examinations are necessary and while examining few points must be kept in mind such as, mental status of the child, breathing sounds, tachycardia, chest deformity and more. Early initiation and detection is explained in detail here. Patients with unstable conditions are admitted to PICU. Some of the cases like severe respiratory distress, tachypnea and retractions and others are listed in the chapter.

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