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Chapter-27 Hepatorenal and Hepatopulmonary Syndromes

BOOK TITLE: Critical Care

Author
1. Pande Rajesh
ISBN
9789351522133
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/12670_28
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2016
Pages
7
Author Affiliations
1. BLK-Max Super Specialty, Hospital, New Delhi, India, BLK-Max Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
Chapter keywords
Hepatorenal syndromes, hepatopulmonary syndromes, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, glomerular filtration rate, acute renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, portopulmonary hypertension

Abstract

This chapter discusses about the hepatorenal and hepatopulmonary syndromes. Hepatorenal syndrome is functional renal failure with absence of histological changes that occurs in patients with chronic liver disease. It is generally seen in patients with progressive liver failure and ascites. It is a severe complication of end stage liver disease associated with 80–95% mortality at 2 weeks. Acute and chronic are two clinical types of hepatorenal syndrome. Hypovolemia, nephrotoxins, glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis and obstruction are Differential diagnosis of renal failure in cirrhosis. Vasoconstrictors, vasopressin analogs (terlipressin), transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and liver transplantation are treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a disease process with a triad of: liver disease, evidence of widespread intrapulmonary vasodilatation and gas exchange abnormality—increased alveolar arterial oxygen gradient while breathing room air, resulting in hypoxemia. The most common liver disease responsible for HPS is liver cirrhosis. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of hepatopulmonary syndrome are also discussed in this chapter.

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