This chapter describes various procedures to diagnose the common diseases associated typically with female patients. Gynecological assessment, in this regard, is one of the most important procedures to follow for a surgeon or physician. Obtaining a history and conducting the gynecological examination remains the basic step in arriving at a diagnosis of the gynecological disorder. Abnormal menstrual bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, lumps at the vulva, dyspareunia, pelvic pain and infertility are some common female diseases or disorders, which the chapter also discusses in brief. Physical examination of a female patient is of extreme importance, which includes examination of the external genitalia and cervix in some patients. The chapter suggests Speculum and rectal examinations as well in female patients with genital organ disorders or diseases. Pelvic endometriosis is commonly seen in the ovary as an enlarged tender swelling on one or both sides. The pouch of Douglas is felt through the posterior fornix. It assumes clinical significance when the following may be palpated — the body of the retroverted uterus, adnexal mass, endometriosis, pelvic abscess or hematocele, ovarian tumor, a fibroid from the posterior uterine wall or secondary malignant deposits. If an adnexal mass is palpated in postmenopausal women, an ovarian malignancy is suspected.