The aim of this chapter is to focus on the advances in histopathology and cytopathology. This chapter includes microwave irradiation of primary tissue fixation, ultrasonic decalcification, microwave-stimulated tissue processing, ultrasound-stimulated tissue processing, automatic knife sharpners, ultramicrotomy, automatic staining method, endoscopy, colposcopy, autoradiography, immunohistochemistry, and tissue microarrays. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) are used to analyze the expression of genes simultaneously in multiple individual tissue samples on one slide. TMAs are composed of small 0.6–3.0 mm cores of tissue from donor tissue paraffin blocks which are arrayed at a high density on a slide. Colposcopy is a diagnostic procedure used in the prevention of cervical cancer and involves the use of a magnifying device called a colposcope to examine an illuminated, magnified view of the cervix, the tissue of the vagina, and vulva. In this chapter, questions for exercise and objective type questions are also provided.