Forensic anthropology is the scientific analysis of human remains in a medicolegal context and includes the search and recovery of remains, processing of remains, ascertaining the forensic significance, inventorying skeletal elements and determining the minimum number of individuals, estimating the sex, age, ancestry and stature of the decedent, assessing taphonomic processes the remains have been exposed to, positively identifying the remains and evaluating any trauma inflicted to the skeletal system. It is important for practitioners to understand the populations from which methods were derived and ensure they are the most appropriate for the skeletal remains being analyzed. Locating and recovering human remains, processing remains, skeletal inventory and determination of minimum number of individuals, biological profile assessment, taphonomy, positive identification, and trauma analysis are also discussed in this chapter.