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Chapter-08 Nephrology and acid Base Disorders

BOOK TITLE: Manual of Clinical and Practical Medicine

Author
1. Sainani GS
2. Sainani Rajesh G
ISBN
9789352701278
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/18069_9
Edition
2/e
Publishing Year
2018
Pages
18
Author Affiliations
1. Grant Medical College and J.J.Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Endocrine and Diabetes Centre, Visakhapatnam, India, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Armed Forces (for life); Chicago Medical School and Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, USA; 10 Other Foreign Universities & Several Indian Universities, CSI, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; National CSI, Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Grant Medical College & JJ Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Emeritus International Advisor, Royal College of Physicians, London; Chicago Medical School and Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, USA, Jaslok Hospital and Research Center; Grant Medical College and JJ Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
2. Jaslok Hospital and Research Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Bhatia Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Jaslok Hospital, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital and Bhatia Hospital, Mumbai; GI Physiology & Motility Laboratory, Digestive Diseases and Endoscopy Centre, Motiben Dalvi Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Chapter keywords
Kidney, renal disease, urological disease, general examination, bladder, urine examination, nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure, renal cell carcinoma, acid base disorder

Abstract

The kidneys (11–14 cm in size) are retroperitoneal organs lying in paravertebral space in relation to lower thoracic vertebrae. Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons. Nephron is the functional unit of kidneys. Kidney is an important organ and is richly supplied with blood (25% of cardiac output at rest). Kidneys excrete waste products such as urea, creatinine and uric acid. Kidneys regulate composition and volume of body fluids by adjusting the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This chapter covers the menstrual and obstetric history sexual history, general examination, examination of the abdomen, examination of the bladder, external genitalia, per rectum examination, and urine examination. In this chapter, clinical cases such as case of nephrotic syndrome, case of acute renal failure, case of chronic renal failure, case of polycystic kidney disease, and case of renal cell carcinoma are discussed in this chapter.

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