Along with philosophy and myth, religion and science have been the most dominant macroparadigmatic consciousnesses throughout the world’s history. Today, more than ever in history, the destiny of our world and the survival of mankind depend on their function, their spiritual and moral qualities, and the nature of their influence. Religion and science are certainly the most complex spiritual-historical phenomena which cannot be considered unambiguously by focusing on one’s own cultural vantage point and from only one perspective, or from only a hermeneutic-interpretative horizon. This chapter covers the new scientific culture of Islam and the unique horizon of science and religion. The mainstream view of science is governed by the myth that science was created by Western European civilization, with little or no contribution being made by other civilizations, which is clearly reflected in the historical science literature, which tends not to be acquainted with even basic information on the sciences of other non-European nations.