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Chapter-16 Macular Hole

BOOK TITLE: Retina: Medical and Surgical Management

Author
1. Kumar Atul
2. Ravani Raghav
3. Srivastava Ankita
4. Kumar Aman
5. S Manasa
ISBN
9789352702947
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/18054_17
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2018
Pages
13
Author Affiliations
1. Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India, Anil Hospital, Jaipur, India, Dr RP Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Women’s Health Center; Anil Nursing Home, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Dr. RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
2. Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
3. Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
4. Postgraduate Institute of Medical, Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, Advanced Eye Center; Postgraduate Institute of Medical, Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
5. Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Chapter keywords
Macular hole, vascular theory, traumatic theory, cystoid degeneration theory, occult hole, epiretinal membrane, intraocular tamponade

Abstract

This chapter gives an overview on macular hole. Macular holes are characterized by the absence of neurosensory retinal tissue at the fovea. The peak incidence of Idiopathic macular hole occurs in 6–8 decades of life, affecting women more frequently than men. It occurs earlier in myopic eyes. Vitreomacular traction has been said to be the factor behind idiopathic macular holes. Idiopathic macular hole results from the earliest stage of PVD. The age and sex prevalence of this disease are similar to those of PVD. Macular hole is a full thickness retinal defect at the fovea. Patients with macular hole who are symptomatic present with a variable degree of central visual loss depending on the size of the hole, the location of the hole relative to the foveola, and the size of any associated neurosensory retinal detachment. Optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, b-scan ultrasonography, microperimetry, and multifocal electroretinography are different investigations and diagnosis options for macular hole. A detailed discussion on surgical management and techniques has been also provided in this chapter.

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