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BOOK TITLE: Retina: Medical and Surgical Management
Submacular hemorrhage (SMH) frequently results from a choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or more commonly from polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). SMH is most commonly seen in patients with CNVM secondary to neovascular AMD. Logically, thin and smaller SMHs lead to milder symptoms as opposed to thicker and larger SMHs. On examination, there is an elevation of the neurosensory retina caused by blood under it. The subretinal nature of blood is ascertained by the unobscured visibility of the overlying retinal vessels. The color of the blood may vary from fresh bright red or dark red to green in thick hemorrhages. Prognosis of SMH primarily depends on three factors—etiology, volume (horizontal extent and thickness), and duration of the hemorrhage. Pneumatic displacement, fibrinolysis, anti-VEGF agents, and macular translocation surgery are the modalities in current use for achieving the treatment goal.
AK Khurana, Aruj K Khurana
N Venkatesh Prajna
AK Khurana, Aruj K Khurana, Bhawna P Khurana
PK Mukherjee
Professor Sir Peng Tee Khaw, Parham Azarbod
Bruno Lumbroso, Marco Rispoli
Jeewan S Titiyal, Manpreet Kaur, Sridevi Nair
Samar K Basak
Ajay Kumar Bhootra
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