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BOOK TITLE: Retina: Medical and Surgical Management
Endogenous endophthalmitis occurs when the eye is seeded via the bloodstream. Patients will usually have systemic manifestations of the underlying disease but sometimes present only with eye symptoms. In endophthalmitis, the infection remains confined to the eye and does not serve as a source of bacteremia or fungemia. However in panophthalmitis, infection spreads from the globe of the eye to the adjacent soft tissues of the orbit. This chapter covers the classification of endophthalmitis, endophthalmitis burden, post-cataract endophthalmitis, post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis, post-trabeculectomy endophthalmitis, post-PPV endophthalmitis, postcorneal procedure endophthalmitis, organism causing endophthalmitis, polymicrobial endophthalmitis, risk factors for exogenous endophthalmitis, and approach and management of a case of infective endophthalmitis. Intravitreal injections have a very important place in management of exudative age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), diabetic macular edema, edema due to venous occlusions and many other conditions. The drugs that are most commonly administered by the intravitreal route are anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and steroids. The anti-VEGF drugs most commonly used are bevacizumab and ranibizumab.