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BOOK TITLE: Retina: Medical and Surgical Management
The aim of this chapter is to focus on the toxic retinopathies. Macular toxicity has been reported with multiple medications and other exogenous substances. Some of these are antimalarial drugs, phenothiazines, tamoxifen, canthaxanthin, and talc. Chloroquine (Nivaquine, Avloclor) and hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) are used for treatment of malaria and rheumatological disorders (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus). Chloroquine-associated ocular side effects can be divided into three categories following as accommodation abnormality, corneal deposition, and pre- and true retinopathy. Thioridazine (Mellaril) and chlorpromazine (Largactil) are used in treating schizophrenia and related psychoses. Chlorpromazine is also used as a sedative. The usual dose of thioridazine is 150–600 mg/day, while chlorpromazine is 75–300 mg/day. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex, Emblon, Noltam, Tamofen) is an antiestrogen used to treat breast carcinoma. It has few systemic side effects at a traditional dose of 20–40 mg/day.
AK Khurana, Aruj K Khurana
N Venkatesh Prajna
AK Khurana, Aruj K Khurana, Bhawna P Khurana
PK Mukherjee
Professor Sir Peng Tee Khaw, Parham Azarbod
Bruno Lumbroso, Marco Rispoli
Jeewan S Titiyal, Manpreet Kaur, Sridevi Nair
Samar K Basak
Ajay Kumar Bhootra
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