The development and the degree of photic damage to the retina depends primarily on two factors such as pre-existing ocular anatomy, parameters of the light source (including wavelength, duration and power). Breakdown of the intrinsic ocular protective mechanisms or exposure to external high-risk conditions can produce light or photic damage to the retina. This chapter covers the sources, mechanism of damage, ocular protective mechanisms against photic damage, solar retinopathy, eclipse retinopathy, welding arc retinopathy, lightning retinopathy, retinal phototoxicity from ophthalmic instruments, light exposure and age-related macular degeneration, laser hazard, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) exposure. Neonatal retinal irradiance depends on many factors, including the geometry and reflectance of NICU walls, the location and spectral output of room and accessory lighting, the duration of eyelid closure, pupillary size and reactivity, neonatal eyelid, and ocular media transmittance.