Neuropathic pain is produced by an injury to the peripheral nerve and/or central nervous system having associated sensory sign and symptoms. Various etiological factors include direct trauma, ischemia, infections, metabolic disease, tumor invasion, surgery, chemotherapy, irradiation, neurotoxins and inherited neuro/degeneration. It is associated with spontaneous paresthesia, dysesthesia and pain, pain evoked by movement, and tenderness over partly denervated body part. This chapter covers the types of neuropathic pain, mechanism of neuropathic pain, changes after spinal nerve injury, assessment of neuropathic pain, and treatment of neuropathic pain. The diagnosis and management of neuropathic pain remain highly challenging because of complex pathophysiology and both peripheral and central mechanisms involvement.