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Chapter-002 Risk Factors for Cardiodiabetes

BOOK TITLE: Cardiodiabetes Update: A Textbook of Cardiology

Author
1. Sharma Sanjiv
2. Gupta Varun
3. Koul Varsha
ISBN
9789352703043
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/14130_3
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2018
Pages
6
Author Affiliations
1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Cardiothoracic Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, Cardio-Thoracic Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India, Cardio-Thoracic Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India, Cardio-Thoracic Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre, New Delhi, India, Cardio-Thoracic Sciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
2. Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre New Delhi, India, Lungenklinik, Hemer, Hemer, Germany
3. Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre, New Delhi, India
Chapter keywords
Cardiovascular disease, CVD, cardiodiabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, IR, microalbuminuria, MA, erectile dysfunction, ED, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, CAN

Abstract

Diabetes is a known independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Since diabetes and serious cardiovascular disease (CVD) are frequently observed together, researchers are increasingly using the term “cardiodiabetes” to describe the co-occurrence of diabetes and significant CVD. People with cardiodiabetes have both diabetes and CVD, which may be subclinical and undiagnosed, but it is still present. The traditional risk factors include dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity and abdominal obesity, physical exercise, and cigarette smoking, whereas the nontraditional risk factors include insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, microalbuminuria (MA), hematological and thrombogenic factors, inflammatory cascade, atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHC) and vitamin D deficiency, erectile dysfunction (ED), genetics and epigenetics, and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN).

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