Anemia is defined as a quantitative or qualitative reduction of hemoglobin or circulating red blood cells (RBCs) or decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Anemia is the most common medical disorder during pregnancy. According to the WHO Global Database on Anemia for 1993–2005, children and women of reproductive age are most at risk for Anemia, 47% of children younger than 5 years, 42% of pregnant women, and 30% of non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years are anemic Globally. The prevalence is higher in urban areas (23.6 –61.7%) as compared to rural areas (19.6–58.1%). It is estimated that anemia is the underlying cause for 20–40% of maternal deaths in India. This chapter covers the causes and classification of anemia, iron metabolism in pregnancy, effect on anemia on maternal and fetal outcome, laboratory investigations, management, advice about family planning, and megaloblastic anemia.