This chapter focuses on glycemic goals and monitoring methods in gestational diabetes. Hyperglycemia in gestational diabetes mellitus is detrimental to the fetus as well as the mother. Gestational diabetes mellitus is now an established risk factor for future development of diabetes in the mother. The glycemic targets in gestational diabetes mellitus are based on recommendations from the Fifth International Workshop—Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Several monitoring methods can be employed to check for plasma sugar values, in order to take appropriate measures to effectively control glycemia. These include testing for blood glucose (venous blood samples in laboratory, or bedside glucometer-based testing), urine sugar testing, A1c testing, and some novel minimally invasive or noninvasive methods.