Disease conditions that may require surgery involving stoma are discussed thoroughly in this chapter. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by multiple adenomatous polyps of the colon and a variety of extracolonic manifestations. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) disorder is characterized by the onset of colorectal cancer at an average age of 45 years. Diverticular disease is a condition in which small pouches (diverticulae) are seen protruding from the bowel wall. The symptoms of ulcerative colitis is applied to a disease in which a part or whole of the mucosa of the large bowel becomes diffusely inflamed with a hemorrhagic type of inflammation, which may progress to ulceration. Crohn’s disease is a chronic, progressive, granulomatous, inflammatory disorder, which may affect any part of the alimentary tract from mouth to anus and may be associated with extraintestinal manifestations. Carcinoma is a malignant disorder of cell growth arising in epithelial disease. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of death from malignancy. Colonic obstruction, volvulus, bowel ischemia, anorectal incontinence, trauma, and irradiation damage are the obstructive disease conditions which are described briefly in this chapter.