It is estimated that in our country 2 adults get infected every minute and 0.5 million young people, 2, 30, 000 women and 30,000 children get infected every year. Women are more vulnerable to acquire this infection than men due to many factors. There are two types of HIV viruses viz. HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is associated with higher mother to child transmission (MTCT) rate (20-35%) compared with 0.4% with HIV-II. Almost all cases of HIV in children (91%) are acquired by mother to child transmission (MTCT). Not all fetuses of HIV positive mothers acquire the infection. The incidence varies from 15 to 48%. Transmission by this route can be prevented if detected in time. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in America has recommended that all pregnant women be tested for HIV as early as possible, and in high-risk groups repeat HIV test is performed at 36 weeks of pregnancy. Most neonates acquire infection at the time of delivery and rest through breastfeeding. 20% of transmission occurs before 36 weeks, 50% before delivery, 30% during delivery and 30% through breast milk in postpartum period. ARV drugs are given to prevent MTCT of HIV and treating mother for her disease. Prophylactic ARV medicines are given to the neonate. NVP 2 mg/Kg orally within 72 hours of birth is advised by NACO. There is 30% independent risk of MTCT of HIV by breastfeeding by HIV infected mother or wet nurse. UNICEF and WHO have recommended exclusive breastfeeding for a shorter duration (6 months). No mixed feeding is advised as there is more MTCT of HIV with mixed feeding. At discharge both mother and neonate must be referred for ongoing care to appropriate centers.