Disorders of cognition and executive functions are generally easily tested as they often involve specific types of analytic dysfunctions. These conditions have been termed “neurocognitive disorders”. Disorders due to abnormal emotional responses are not so easily assessed using objective or quantitative tests. This chapter covers the basic physiology of neurocognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, clinical characteristics, executive function and dysfunction, novelty detection, problem-solving and creativity, intelligence, intuition, testing for cognitive disorders, and treatment of cognitive disorders. Clinical examination and neuropsychological tests have shown that the dorsolateral prefrontal lobe is concerned with novelty detection, solving novel problems, and producing novel forms of behavior. Other than treatment of the underlying pathology, symptomatic treatment involves occupational therapy and advising the patient and family in coping strategies based on the nature of the cognitive deficit.