Comprehensive physical therapy programs utilize exercise, adaptive equipment, and modalities for their therapeutic effects. This chapter covers the therapeutic exercise, modalities, superficial heat, deep heat, cold, electrical stimulation, and traction. Exercise and maintaining physical activity helps prevent disability in those with chronic pain. Formal physical therapy is particularly beneficial as it allows for a structured and set exercise regimen, rather than the ill-advised notion of “let pain be your guide.” Heat is beneficial for many subacute and chronic conditions including muscle spasm, myofascial pain, low back pain, neck pain, postherpetic neuralgia, joint stiffness, arthritis, and chronic inflammation. Cold is generally beneficial for acute injuries as well as acute exacerbations of chronic injuries. It is used in acute traumatic injuries for reduction of edema and inflammation (24–48 hours postinjury).