Pain management as a field represents an interesting dichotomy in that pain has been treated by physicians and healers since the dawn of mankind, yet as a field of independent study it has only existed for several decades. Pharmacological treatment options include oral, mucosal, transdermal, and infusion-based, all of which are perpetually being introduced to the market by pharmaceutical companies and independent research by physicians and scientists. This chapter covers the history and physical examination, diagnostic workup, identification of appropriate treatment, performance of controversial therapy, follow-up, and report findings.