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Chapter-02 Epidemiology

BOOK TITLE: Clinic Consult Pulmonology: Tuberculosis

Author
1. Behera Digambar
ISBN
9789386322012
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/14180_3
Edition
Publishing Year
2018
Pages
37
Author Affiliations
1. Lala Ram Swaroop Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi, India, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Capacity Building in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Capacity Building in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Former Director, Respiratory Diseases (Now known as National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases); National Task Force for involvement of Medical Colleges in RNTCP, Government of India; National Operational Research Committee, RNTCP, Government of India, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Chapter keywords
Epidemiology, tuberculosis, TB, human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, incidence, prevalence, mortality, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, tuberculosis-human immunodeficiency virus

Abstract

Epidemiology is defined as the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why. It also investigates all the factors that determine the presence or absence of diseases and disorders. About one-third of the global population (nearly 2 billion) is infected with tuberculosis (TB) and 95% of deaths due to TB are in the developing world. It is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Tuberculosis has been classically associated with poverty, overcrowding, and malnutrition. Mostly the young adults in their productive years are affected. Low income countries and deprived areas (particularly slums), within big cities in developed countries, present the highest TB incidences and TB mortality rates. The six countries having the largest number of cases of 2013 in 2013 were India, China, Nigeria, Pakistan, Indonesia, and South Africa. An estimated 1.5 million TB deaths occurred in 2013, of which 1.1 million was among HIV-negative people and 360,000 among HIV-positive people. About 480,000 people developed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in the world in 2013. More than half of these cases were in India, China, and the Russian Federation.

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