The aim of this chapter is to focus on the neurology. This chapter is divided into two sections that cover the febrile convulsions and bacterial meningitis in children. Febrile seizure is defined as seizure occurring in association with febrile illness in the absence of central nervous system (CNS) infection or acute electrolyte imbalance in children older than 6 months of age (1 month in certain texts) without prior afebrile seizures [the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)]. Child may be neurologically normal or abnormal. Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the leptomeninges triggered by bacteria present in the subarachnoid space. The outcome of meningitis is not primarily due to the organism but the inflammatory reaction that it produces. Deficient local host defenses, cerebral blood flow alterations secondary to infection, effects of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), destruction and poor repair of damaged neurological tissue, all make the brain tissue most vulnerable.