Fetal Behavior in High-risk Pregnancies Assessed by Two-Dimensional (2D) and Three-Dimensional/Four-Dimensional (3D)/(4D) Ultrasound: A Review

JOURNAL TITLE: Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Author
1. Berivoj Miskovic
2. Badreldeen Ahmed
3. Ana Tikvica
ISSN
0973-614X
DOI
10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1064
Volume
2
Issue
3
Publishing Year
2008
Pages
13
Author Affiliations
    1. Zagreb, Croatia
    2. Medical School University of Zagreb, Sveti Duh Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
    1. Medical School University of Zagreb, Sveti Duh Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
    2. Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh, Zagreb, Croatia
    3. Zagreb, Croatia
    4. Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh, School of Medicine, Zagreb University, Zagreb, Croatia
    1. Feto-maternal Unit, Women’s Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
    2. Women’s Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
    3. Doha, State of Qatar
    4. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
    5. Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha; Feto Maternal Centre, Doha, Qatar
    6. Weill Cornell Medical College; Feto Maternal Centre, Doha, Qatar
    7. Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; Feto-Maternal Centre, Doha, Qatar
    8. Women’s Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
    9. Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; Qatar University, Doha; University Sarajevo School of Science and Technology
  • Article keywords
    Fetal behavior, high-risk pregnancies, cerebral palsy, behavior in fetus with congenital disorders, antenatal behavior screening

    Abstract

    Direct assessment of functional development of the fetal central nervous system is not possible, but the assessment of fetal behavior may provide the possibility to distinct between normal and abnormal brain development. Since the ultrasonographic technique allowed the investigation of spontaneous fetal motor activity in utero first studies of spontaneous prenatal movements and fetal behavior were performed and published. 2D ultrasound was considered somewhat subjective method because information needs observer interpretation. The latest development of three-dimensional (3D) and four dimensional (4D) sonography that overcame some of the limitations of 2D methods enable precise study of fetal and even embryonic activity and behavior. In the following text we reviewed the literature on the behavior in the high-risk pregnancies for cerebral palsy assessed by the ultrasonographic techniques.

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